The Kite Runner By Khaled Hossieni - 920 Words

Within any person’s life, he or she will face firsthand struggles mentally of guilt. Therefore, they want to redeem themselves of their actions. In The Kite Runner, written by Khaled Hossieni, the theme of redemption is evident through Amir’s actions. Amir craves the affection and attention of his father, Baba, which he rarely gets. His mother died after he was born, and he thinks that his father’s affection is lessened because he thinks it is his fault. In the process of obtaining Baba’s affections, Amir did not realize that his actions would hurt his friend, Hassan. All of the years that Amir has been away from Kabul, Afghanistan, the overwhelming feelings of his guilt and betrayal build up until he is not able to stand it anymore. He is appalled at his actions as a child, and wishes to return in order to gain closure. Baba one told him â€Å"A boy who won’t stand up for himself becomes a man who can’t stand up to anything.† (24) Amir had chance after chance to redeem himself from his selfish ways while he was young. He did not realize the long term effect of his actions. It is not often that one will ask themselves about the consequence of what they are about to do. Maybe it is that red-light they are about to run; they are not thinking of the future ticket they will pay or the potential wreck they will cause. The night in the alley set the standard for how Amir would live his life. After the kite flying competition, Hassan takes the kite, but he vows toShow MoreRelatedKhaled Hossieni s The Kite Runner1433 Words   |  6 PagesKhaled Hossieni was born in 1965 in Kabul, Afghanistan. He is a successful physician however, he is better known for his vivid Afghan based novels. Growing up his father was a diplomat and his mother was a school teacher. They had to move around often for his father’s job and in 1976, they moved to Paris and his father worked at the Afghan embassy there. Due to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, it was unsafe for the family to return home. They sought out safety and moved to San Jose, CaliforniaRead MoreForever Typing: Use of Fatherhood in â€Å"The Kite Runner†1162 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Kite Runner† by Kahleed Hosseini has been deemed a ‘big hit’ by Craig Wilson, journalist for USA Today, selling more than 1.4 million copies, and requiring 17 printings at the time the article was printed, April, 2005. Some have called it a â€Å"certifiable phenomena for a first-time author in today’s anemic book market† (Singh), others still have said â€Å"is about the price of peace, both personal and political† (Hill). Hosseini has already made himself a success with The Kite Runner. Hosseini, inRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini929 Words   |  4 Pages The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini is a tragic tale of guilt and redemption. The book details the life of Amir as he wrestles w ith the guilt of seeing Hassan raped, and later redeems himself by helping Hassan’s son Sohrab cope with extreme abuse at the hands of Assef. While some would argue the main theme of the book is redemption, I believe that the theme is simple: the past does define us, but it is through the past that we find ultimate significance. Clearly through the journey of Amir, HosseiniRead MoreTheme Of Violence In The Kite Runner1133 Words   |  5 Pagesone trait in common; To be accepted. Although, in trying to become accepted, we can lose friendships and trust from people we love, but far worse we could lose ourselves, trying to be accepted for someone we are not. In the novel â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hossieni, we as the reader see many different situations in witch Amir is putting his real self aside and taking his anger out and betraying someone very close to Baba and Amir himself, closer than the reader and the protagonist Amir will learnRead MoreEssay on The Kite Runner Relationship and Symbolism1662 Words   |  7 Pagesin ‘The Kite Runner’ to present key relationships? You should consider different reader responses and the extent to which your critical approach assists your interpretation. In Khaled Hosseini’s novel, ‘The Kite Runner’, it is often thought that symbols and metaphors are used as visual representations to reinforce and put emphasis on important stages in the novel. In can be seen that symbols are used in the novel to highlight particular moments in key relationships. For example Kites, the PomegranateRead More The Power of Words Essay2225 Words   |  9 Pagestraveling down the road after a catastrophic event. To â€Å"carry the fire† was the boys main concern and those words meant a world of difference (McCarthy np). It gave the man and his son the strength and encouragement to just keep going. Khaled Hossieni’s novel The Kite Runner used the repetition of the saying â€Å"for you a thousand times over† to induce an overwhelming response in the reader’s emotions through the use of irony (Hosseini np). The huge power of words in literature, speeches, songs, and sermonsRead MoreFather Son Relations in the K ite Runner2966 Words   |  12 Pagesacorn does not fall far from the tree,† suggest that parents and lineage are the greatest influence. Others believe that role models are more influential. Another clichà © â€Å"like father, like son† did not derive out of nowhere. The book, The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hossieni, exemplifies this belief. Early in their relationship, the protagonists, father Baba and son Amir appear very different. Amir glorifies his father but is disappointed when it is not reciprocated. Despite their initial differences, their

Customer Service and Holiday Retreat Essay - 1242 Words

Procedure Read the case study. Your assessor will request that you analyse the data and material presented to make recommendations for changing the customer service processes and culture. Specifically, you are required to: †¢ identify Brad’s major customers †¢ prepare a customer service policy for Brad’s business †¢ prepare a standard for handling complaints †¢ prepare a work instruction for handling a complaint †¢ give an example of how you would change an element of the customer service system in response to the complaint about the quality of the meals †¢ outline how you would change the work culture in the kitchen †¢ outline how you would evaluate the customer service Brad’s Holiday Retreat gives in the future †¢ design a customer†¦show more content†¦They employ a full-time accountant, one full-time front office manager, one full time food and beverage manager, one full time chef, part-time front office staff, kitchen staff, waiters, cleaners and a contract gardener. Casual cleaners, waiters and kitchen hands are ‘on call’ to help cope when there are increased customer demands. Rosemary helps out in the office and looks after the telephones and administration when the receptionist has a break or goes to lunch. All customer service issues are handled by Rosemary and she certainly gives feedback to everyone in the business, including Brad, if there are customer service issues to be resolved. Customer base Brad’s Holiday Retreat customer base is currently 60% domestic tourist and 40% international. The domestic side of business is equally divided between travel agent booking and online/telephone bookings. The international business is almost exclusively online/telephone bookings. Although the return is better, these customers are the most demanding. About 60% of revenue comes from room costs; the remaining 40% comes from meals (10%), drinks (15%) and tour operations (15%). Customer satisfaction ‘Customer Satisfaction Guaranteed’ is on all of Brad’s advertising material and business cards, so Rosemary and Brad like to ensure that satisfaction is what the customerShow MoreRelatedIdentify Brad’s Major Customers Essay1259 Words   |  6 Pagesidentify Brad’s major customers †¢ prepare a customer service policy for Brad’s business †¢ prepare a standard for handling complaints †¢ prepare a work instruction for handling a complaint †¢ give an example of how you would change an element of the customer service system in response to the complaint about the quality of the meals †¢ outline how you would change the work culture in the kitchen †¢ outline how you would evaluate the customer service Brad’s Holiday Retreat gives in the future BSB40207Read MoreLilybank Lodge724 Words   |  3 Pagesother such globe-trotters are the prime targets of this fledgling tourism business developed by Lilybank Lodge. The lodge offers this exclusive niche the opportunity of a secluded holiday in a little-known paradise. Guests, commonly under public scrutiny in their everyday lives, can escape such pressures at a hunting retreat designed specifically with their needs in mind. A chance meeting between a New Zealand Department of Conservation investigator and the son of the former Indonesian president markedRead MoreContiki Australia1645 Words   |  7 PagesContiki Australia utilizes in order to provide superior value to its customers and in return gain profitable benefits. Their marketing strategies core theme is to create superior customer value. The case study reveals the trend of how the youth in particular, Generation Y (people born between 1977 and 1994) like to travel and what drives, motivates and inspires young travellers. Contiki Australia fulfils their target customers needs , wants and demands in this case provides coach trips for 18-35Read MoreRetreat Business Plan1684 Words   |  7 Pages1. The business I have started is a resort. The resort called Breakaway Retreats, which has different activities, themes and relaxation and massage. The resort is a place used for relaxation or recreation, attracting visitors for holidays or vacations. I will provide all of a vacationer s wants while remaining on the premises, such as food, drink, lodging, sports, entertainment, and relaxation. Breakaway Retreats will provide an array of amenities and entertainment and recreational activities. ThereRead MoreSwot Analysis Banyan Tree1625 Words   |  7 Pagesknown for its refined product, services and accommodations. But there is an increasing competition with business driven by tourist travel like Banyan Tree; Amara Sanctuary Resort Sentosa provides a tranquil environment for their guests. Although it is not w ell known in spa treatment, it provides an excellent service for tourists who are visiting Sentosa. The direct competitors of BTH are Aman Resorts and Hilton Hotel Group with almost similar offering to customers- luxury integrated resort withRead MoreEssay on The Environmental Impact of Skiing and Tourism1718 Words   |  7 Pagesforests. Another human impact which can be related to global warming is the retreat of the glaciers worldwide. Many skiers and snow boarders enjoy the thrill of skiing or snow boarding on glaciers. The tour guides usually put a great emphasis on the environment and the affects of humans on the mountain environment during the excursion; however, these tours may cease to exist in the near future with the retreat of the mountain glaciers. For example, Boulder Glacier in the North American stateRead MoreDescribe Different Events And Their Characteristics Of The Hospitality Industry1711 Words   |  7 Pagescustomised wedding might not be as formal for example the couple might hire an ice cream and fish and chip van. Either scenario typically consists of a few key components. Some Characteristics of a wedding include: Accommodation – If the wedding service or reception is in a hotel, the hotel will sometimes offer deals like a â€Å"half price room for the newly wed and 10 guests.† This is because usually when there is a wedding, guests will travel from all over the world to be there for one day. ThereforeRead MoreConduct Admissions Recruitment Of High School Students Essay931 Words   |  4 Pagesproblems and recommend action to ensure accomplishment of admission goals. Generate and distribute reports on your recruitment activities in a timely manner as required by an assigned Supervisor or the Director of Admissions. †¢ Provide Excellent Customer Service: Attends recruitment events on and off campus in order to connect with students. Answer prospective student questions completely and courteously. Demonstrates a working knowledge of Sullivan University Academic Programs of Study and FinancialRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Golden Arches East By James L. Watson1380 Words   |  6 Pagesmultiple ways. Watson (2006) described, â€Å"For instance, in 1992 and 1993 customers in Beijing (as in Hong Kong and Taiwan) usually left their rubbish on the table, letting the restaurant employees do the clean-up work. However, during the summer of 1994 I observed that about a fifth of the customers, many of them fashionably dressed youth, carried their own trays to the waste bins,† (page 52). The usual dining etiquette of Chinese customers is that they would leave their leftovers and remaining garbage atRead More Internet Marketing Plan Essay2988 Words   |  12 Pages......................... ...........page 5 Tactics (Marketing Mix for Pure France)...........................................................page 6 Control (Performance measures)..........................................................page 8 Customer reach, loyalty and retention (E-CRM)....................................page 8 E-tools...................................................................................................page 9 Traffic building: on-site and off-site (SEO, SEM)..

The impact of ozone depletion Free Essays

string(132) " retrieve because it tends to cut down the formation of such clouds that interact with gases in the ambiance to destruct the ozone\." The ozone is a thin bed of triatomic O molecules located within the ambiance which is capable of absorbing deadly UV ( UV ) radiation from the Sun. Ozone occurs of course within the stratosphere, and it accounts for approximately 90 % of the entire ozone molecules in the ambiance, compared to the tropospheric ozone which forms a major air pollutant and histories for only10 % . Ozone bed in the atmosphere extends vertically up to about 50Km, and there are about 12,000 ozone molecules per 1 billion molecules of air, while less measure exist in the troposphere of about 20-100 molecules per billion molecules of air. We will write a custom essay sample on The impact of ozone depletion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Stratospheric ozone is formed through a uninterrupted complex procedure of photochemical reaction affecting the splitting of O molecules into two O atoms by solar energy and each atom farther combines with O molecules to bring forth ozone. Because the procedure is sunlight dependant, more ozone is produced at lower latitudes due the concentration of high solar radiation around the equator ; as such ozone is continually produced and destroyed in these complex chemical reactions. The planetary distribution of ozone depends on conditions such as the handiness of Br and Cl in the ambiance, high solar strength and latitudinal location that favour the production of the molecules. Without this bed, UV-B radiation when making the Earth is capable of damaging works and animate being tissues, increasing the hazard of wellness jobs such as skin malignant neoplastic disease in worlds every bit good as destructing both tellurian and aquatic ecosystems. Depletion of the ozone has been observed over the old ages due to the release of chemical substances into the ambiance by worlds. In 2005, scientists have observed the addition in ozone depleting substances ( ODS ) which consequences to the cutting of this protective bed over Arctic and Antarctic poles by about 30 – 50 % , and a planetary mean decrease of about 3 – 6 % compared to the pre – 1980 degrees. The procedure of depletion begins with the release of the ozone depleting substances ( ODS ) such as Cl and Br and CFCs ( CFCs ) largely from human beginnings. These gases farther accumulate into the ambiance for some clip depending of their occupant times and so transported to the stratosphere through perpendicular commixture. These non-reactive gases are farther converted into reactive compounds by UV radiation, so chemical reactions takes topographic point to destruct the ozone bed. Finally, these gases are transported back to the troposphere where they are re moved through precipitation. Climate alteration and ozone bed depletion are interlinked because ozone itself is a nursery gas and together with other ozone consuming substances such as Br ( Br ) and Cl ( Cl ) contribute to planetary heating. Therefore any alterations in the atmospheric concentration and distribution of ozone will hold important impact on the planetary clime system. Release of these ( ODS ) substances including C dioxide and CFCs has a chilling consequence on the stratosphere. This chilling consequence favours the chemical reactions in Cl and Br thereby lending to the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds ( PSC ) , a status that consequences in the depletion of ozone. Surveies have proved that the lessening in stratospheric ozone observed over Antarctica led to alterations in the interactions between the stratosphere and the Earth. These alterations alter the atmospheric circulation peculiarly the North Atlantic oscillation ( NAO ) , which in bend has an consequence on fluctuation of clime around the Atlantic. Depletion of the ozone has another important consequence on the planetary biogeochemical rhythms which has profound consequence on the clime system. Increase in the sum UV-B modifies the C rhythm by impacting the consumption of CO2 by workss during photosynthesis, every bit good as C storage in workss tissues as biomass. Because the tellurian ecosystem serves as a net sink for C, alterations in the sum of UV radiation is capable of upseting the photosynthetic and respiration procedures which link the atmospheric C and tellurian C consumption and release. Within the tellurian ecosystems, certain works species become more susceptible to increased UV radiation, therefore cut downing their ability to gaining control and shop atmospheric C dioxide. Furthermore, a alteration in the UV radiation increases the rate of productiveness of dirt micro beings such as fungi thereby increasing the rate of C release from biomass decomposition. This accelerated bend over clip of C through this procedure of exposure debasement or exposure transmutation decreases the storage capacity of the dirt as a major C sink, as such lending to planetary heating. Scientific projections from theoretical accounts suggest a major displacement in planetary ecosystems from ice chest and wetting agent to warmer and drier conditions in response to climate change-UV interaction. Another of import linkage between ozone depletion and clime alteration is the change of the marine biological pump of atmospheric C dioxide into the ocean underside under the influence of UV radiation. Coloured dissolved organic affair ( CDOM ) nowadays in aquatic primary manufacturers which is utile in absorbing UV in the ocean undergoes exposure decoloring under higher dosage. Thereby ensuing in the loss of the pigment and accordingly let more UV incursion into the ocean and cut down the ability of aquatic workss to repair C during photosynthesis. Besides, thermic stratification of ocean Waterss occur as a consequence of increased CO2 from human- induced emanations decreases mid-water O around the deepness of 200-800m, which affect C consumption by the oceans. This stratification impact perpendicular commixture of substances such as bromocarbons found in tropical Waterss. Under the influence of UV, certain ozone consuming reactive groups such as Br oxide ( BrO ) are produced. Conversely, clime alteration besides has a important influence on ozone bed depletion. This influence may either accelerate or slow the ozone procedure of recovery. Climate alteration induces the formation of Polar stratospheric clouds around the high latitudes which when exported to mid-latitudes bring forth farther depletion of the ozone around such countries. Surveies have shown that radiative forcing from planetary heating may assist the ozone to retrieve because it tends to cut down the formation of such clouds that interact with gases in the ambiance to destruct the ozone. You read "The impact of ozone depletion" in category "Essay examples" Evidence was observed in the decrease in the loss of ozone over Antarctica between 2001 and 2004 during the spring period. Since ozone depletion is the chief cause of decrease in temperature of the stratospheric ozone by about ( -0.17 A ; deg ; C/ decennary ) , addition in the emanation of Green House Gases ( GHG ) into the ambiance will h old a warming consequence thereby change by reversaling this loss. Reactions affecting compounds of halogen are straight affected by UV-B and clime alteration. Halomethane emanations attributed to climate alteration react with UV-B and accordingly modulate ozone handiness in the ambiance. Climate alteration induced addition in temperature stimulates the release of methyl bromide and methyl iodide from certain species of workss under the influence of UV radiation. Besides, clime alteration consequence in the change of the planetary hydrological rhythm by increasing the rate of precipitation and eutrophication of organic C into rivers and watercourses from land. Mineralisation of this organic stuff takes topographic point under the influence of UV to foster release C into the ambiance and contribute to planetary heating. In add-on, planetary heating caused by human-induced addition in Nitrogen oxide ( NO ) , Carbon monoxide ( CO ) , and Methane ( CH4 ) from shrub fires increases the rate of production of ozone in the troposphere. As such planetary heating may increase the sum of aerosols nowadays in the ambiance which later affects the rate of ozone photolysis by about 6-11 % . Other natural factors lending to climate alteration such as volcanic eruption and fluctuation in sun-spot activity affect ozone bed depletion. Because ozone depletion in the stratosphere is formed under the influence of solar energy, any addition in the sum of radiation coming from the Sun will increase the sum of ozone in the ambiance. Variation in the 11-year Sun topographic point activity indicate an ascertained addition and lessening in ozone concentration with matching maximal and minimal solar rhythms severally. Furthermore, The Brewer-Dobson circulation is responsible for the conveyance of sulphur gases from volcanic eruptions into the stratosphere. The go uping subdivision of this circulation conveyance gas from the Torrid Zones upwards while the falling subdivision return the gases back to the troposphere in the high latitudes. Volcanic eruptions besides release sulphate gases into the ambiance. These gases significantly cut down the rate of extension of incident radiation from the Sun and diminish the production of ozone. Other natural factors such as the release of methyl bromide into the ambiance from rice cultivation deplete the ozone and therefore increase the incursion of UV radiation. There is a strong relationship between UV radiation, C and N cycling which has a important clime alteration deductions. Increase in UV can impact the N rhythm through alterations in the rate of organic affair decomposition of N incorporating compounds through nitrogen arrested development. Nitrogen compounds such as ammonium hydroxide and nitrate are continuously cycled within the biosphere in series of complex procedures. Dissolved organic Nitrogen ( DON ) reacts with UV radiation to interrupt it down into more soluble ammonium compound through the procedure of photoammonification. All these procedures determine rates of C consumption and decomposition in the planetary C rhythm. Report from the World Meteorological Organisation ( WMO 2003 ) indicate feedback mechanisms from increasing H2O vapor into the ambiance, which increases the handiness of odd-hydrogen extremist that leads to ozone depletion by upseting N and Cl rhythms. Within the marine ecosystem, hydrolysis of Br and I takes topographic point by photolysis reaction in the ocean to bring forth ozone consuming substances. Marine phytoplanktons like algae found in tropical Waterss emit halogen compounds into the troposphere. Besides, the interaction between UV-B radiation and the sulphur rhythm contribute to climate alteration. Pollutants such as dimethyl sulfide ( DMS ) and carbonyl sulfide ( COS ) are emitted as aerosols that have chilling consequence on the ambiance. Climate alteration can besides impact the extension of planetal moving ridges into the ambiance ( Rhind et al.,2005a ; 2005b ; Scott and Polvani, 2004: Scott et al. , 2004 ) . Climate theoretical accounts suggest a important impact of clime alteration on troposphere-stratosphere interaction. Surveies by Rhind et Al. ( 2001 ) estimated in approximately 30 % in this interaction resulted from duplicating of C dioxide sum in the ambiance. Appraisal by Scaife ( 2001 ) shows a decadal addition of approximately 3 % as a effect of clime alteration. All these interactions have profound consequence on the conveyance of ozone depleting substances into the stratosphere every bit good as their remotion from the stratosphere back to the Earth surface. In order to minimise or extinguish the impacts of ozone bed depletion, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed in 1987, and so came into force in 1989. Under this understanding, assorted states that signed up the pact pledged to cut down the production and ingestion of harmful halogen gases.This decrease mark begins with the decelerating down the production and so their eventual stage out through the usage of replacement gases. The usage of ozone friendly Hydrochloroflourocarbons ( HCFCs ) was adopted to replace the usage of CFC-12 in the industry of refrigerants and froth devising agents. The Montreal Protocol has successfully achieved a decrease in the concentration of Cl in the planetary ambiance in the late twentieth century. Another of import accomplishment is the decrease in the production of methyl trichloromethane and Chlorofluorocarbons to a close zero degree at the planetary graduated table. Towards the terminal of this century, substances such as methyl chloride and methyl bromide are expected to be eliminated from the ambiance due to the projected stabilization and subsequent decrease in their production. Complete recovery of the ozone to pre 1980 degree is expected under rigorous conformity to the Montreal Protocol by the center of this century, with slower recovery rate predicted by computing machine theoretical accounts around the â€Å" Antarctic ozone hole † . In decision, human induced clime alteration and ozone bed depletion are closely inter-related. With ozone depletion worsening the rate of planetary warming while clime alteration continues to consume the ozone. Therefore necessary steps must be taken under the Montreal and Kyoto Protocol commissariats to cut down the emanation of ODS and other green house gases in order to salvage the planet from effects of farther warming effects on human wellness and the environment. How to cite The impact of ozone depletion, Essay examples

Cases - Materials and Text on Contract Law

Question: Discuss about the Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law. Answer: 1. The issue that has to be decided is related with the fact if the parties, Richard and his father had the intention of being legally bound by the promise according to which, the father had agreed to pay a weekly allowance of $200 if Richard mowed the backyards of the family property. In this way, in this question, the issue is related with the intention to create legal relations, which is one of the essential elements, vital for creating a lawful contract. There are certain features that have to be present in an agreement and due to these elements, it can be said that the agreement between the parties can be enforced by the law. These elements include offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity and the intention to create legal relations. The elements of the intention one part of the parties to the agreement to enter into legal relations has been introduced under the contract law with the purpose of sifting out the cases in which, court action will not be appropriate (Burrows, Finn and Todd, 2002). Not every agreement that has been concluded between the parties results in a lawful contract. For example in some cases, two friends may have decided to meet each other at the pub. In this case, although they may be a moral duty on the part of the French to honor such an agreement but in this case, there is no legal duty to do so. Therefore, such agreements are not enforceable under the law. The reason is that generally in such cases, the par ties do not have the intention of being legally bound and at the same time, the law tries to reflect the wishes of the parties (Beale, (ed) 2002). Therefore in order to decide which agreements can be imposed by the law and in case of which agreement, the parties have intention of entering into regulations, a difference is present between domestic/social agreements and the agreements made in context of trade. Such an issue came before the court in Jones v Padavatton (1969). In this case, it has been established like in Belfour v Belfour (1919) that howsoever complex the domestic arrangements may be but there is a presumption that they does not result in the creation of a legally binding contract, unless a clear intention is present which indicates to the contrary. Therefore in this case, an offer was made by Mrs. Jones to pay her daughter, Mrs Padavatton and amount of $200 per month if she left her job in the United States and went to London to study for the bar. Although, at first, the daughter was not willing because she had a good job with the Indian Embassy in Washington, but she was persuaded by her mother to do so. A mother believed that by doing so, the daughter may join her as a lawyer in Trinidad. However this initial agreement between the mother and daughter did not work because while the daughter was under the impression that the $200 will be US dollars but the mother intended them to be Trinidad dollars which were nearly half of what the doctor was expecting. As a result, the data can only afford to rent one room in which she had to live with her son. Therefore the mother agreed that she will purchase a house for her to live in. Accordingly a large house was purchased by the mother so that the other rooms could be given on rent by the daughter and the sink and can be used for maintenance. Later on the daughter married and could not complete her studies. Under these circumstances, the mother wanted the possession of the house. Therefore the issue that had to be decided by the court was if a legally enforceable contract has been created between the mother and her daughter or if the agreement created between them was only a family arrangement that was not intended to be legally binding. In this case, it was the decision of the court that the agreement between the parties was only a domestic agreement and a presumption has been raised that it was not the intention of the parties to be legally bound by the agreement. There was no evidence that could rebut this presumption. In the present case, Richard's father had promised to pay him a weekly allowance of $200 if he mowed the front and back yards of the family property and kept the gardens looking tidy. Earlier, the father was paying $350 to a garden contractor for doing the same job. Later on, the father told Richard that he cannot afford to pay the weekly allowance of $200. He also stated that this work should be done by Richard for free because it was the responsibility of the whole family to keep the property tidy and apart from it, Richard was also getting free boarding and lodging. As this arrangement has been made between father and son, it can be supposed that they lacked the intention of entering into a legal relationship. Moreover, there is nothing to rebut this presumption. As a result, in this case, the promise made by the father of paying a weekly allowance of $200 to Richard is not legally enforceable. Therefore, Richard cannot enforce the promise made by his father to pay $200 per week in a court of law. 2. The issue in this case is related with the remedies that may be available to Frere Bros for the breach of contract that has been committed by Joe. According to the law contract, when a party to the contract has failed to keep the promise under the agreement or failed to fulfill its responsibilities imposed by the contract, it is said that a breach of contract has taken place. The breach of contract can be whole or in part. In case of a breach of contract by a party to the contract, the other party gets certain remedies (Benson, (ed) 2001). The major remedies that are available to the innocent party for a breach of contract are damages, specific performance and injunction. The remedy of damages is generally used in contract law. Under the contract law, damages are the losses or the costs that have to be incurred due to the wrongful act of the other party. Therefore damages are a payment that has to be made under the common law (Addis v Gramophone, 1909). The intention of providing the remedy of damages is to provide financial compensation for the loss that has been suffered by the other party because of the breach. In this way, the main purpose of providing the remedy of damages is the need to protect the expectation interests of the promisee and also the performance of the promisor. Contractual damages are also able in case of a breach of contract. Therefore when a breach of contract has taken place, either party may suffer from a loss. The purpose behind contractual damages is not to provide punishment to the party that has failed to perform its part of the agreement. In this regard, the court also does not consider the ability of the defendant to pa y while determining the amount of damages (Atiyah, 1990). For example, the amount of damages can be the difference that is present between the contract price and the cost of performing the contract by another party. The other remedy that can be available in case of a breach of contract is that of specific performance. It is also significant remedy available in such cases. Specific performance is the order of the court according to which the defendant has to perform the act regarding which, it has already made a promise under the contract (Nutbrown v Thornton, 1805). Generally this remedy is in the form of judicial order according to which the person to go with this directive, has to do something or restrained from doing something. Generally the remedy of specific performance is used for the purpose of establishing a previously established transaction. The remedy of specific performance has proved to be most effective when it comes to protecting the expectation interests of an innocent party in case of a breach of contract. Before granting the remedy of specific performance, the court has to see if adequate relief can be provided to the innocent party by using the remedy of damages. Therefore whe n adequate remedies provided by damages, generally specific performance is not granted. Similarly, the court will refuse the remedy of specific performance if the terms of the contract are not clear. In this regard, a discretion has been provided to the court to refuse the award of the remedy of specific performance where granting this remedy may result in annual hardships to the defendant. However, in many cases, the remedy of damages cannot adequately compensate a person, particularly in cases where the subject matter is unique, in order to deal with such cases, the court of equity had developed the remedy of specific performance. Consequently, as a remedy for the breach of contract, commonly specific performance is granted where a suitable remedy is not provided by award of damages. Apart from the remedies of damages and specific performance, there is another remedy that can be granted by the court. Therefore, the court may award an injunction for a breach. An injunction can be described as an order of the court according to which the other party to the contract has to stop doing something and at the same time, such an order also prevents the happening of a particular thing in the future (Lumley v Wagner, 1852). Different types of intentions are present, including the mandatory injunction and the interlocutory injunction. The interlocutory injunction can be used for the purpose of maintaining the subject matter during the pendency of the litigation between the parties. On the other hand, when mandatory injunction has been granted by the court, the other party is required to do something. In the present case, Joe is a famous film actor and he had contracted with Frere Bros. The contract is for five years and according to the contract, Joe had agreed to provide the services exclusively to Frere Bros. therefore it has been provided in the contract that Joe will not act in the films of any other company during the period of the contract. However in the first year of the contract, Joe breached the contract and agreed to work in a film that was being made by another company. Under the circumstances, it has to be seen which remedies are available to Frere Bros for the breach of contract by Joe. As mentioned above, generally the courts provide the remedy of damages in case of a breach of contract. But in cases where the remedy of damages will not be sufficient to compensate the innocent party, the court may grant the remedy of specific performance or injunction. As mentioned above, when the remedy of injunction has been granted, the court may ask the party to do or not to do something. For example in the present case also the remedy of injunction will be most suitable for Frere Bros. therefore in this case, Frere Bros can seek the remedy of injunction from the court and ask the court to prevent Joe from it being in the film that is being made by Pretty Pictures. At the same time, the court may also grant an injunction according to which, Joe will not act in the film of any other company during the period of the contract. Therefore in this case, the remedy of injunction will be most suitable. References Atiyah, P.S. 1990, Essays on Contract, Oxford University Press, New York Beale, H. (ed) 2002, Cases, Materials and Text on Contract Law Hart Publishing, Oxford Benson, P. (ed) 2001, The Theory of Contract Law: New Essays Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Burrows, JF, Finn, J. and Todd, S. M.D. 2002, The Law of Contract in New Zealand (2nd ed, LexisNexis NZ, Wellington Case Law Addis v Gramophone[1909] AC 488 Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571 Jones v Padavatton [1969] 1 WLR 328 Lumley v Wagner (1852) 42 ER 687 Nutbrown v Thornton (1805) 10 Ves 159